Category Methods

Inhalt Aim of the exercise The data: ALLBUS 2021 The variables Your task Step by step through the task Solution video for R Step 1: Calculate measures of central tendency Step 2: Calculate measures of dispersion Step 3: Grouped analysis…

Inhalt Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Task 5 Task 6 Task 7 Task 1 x <- c(10, 20, 30, 40)x[x > 25] What is the result? Task 2 df <- data.frame(a = 1:3, b = c("a", "b",…

Inhalt Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Task 5 Task 1 # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────# Task 1: Arithmetic Mean of a Small Group of Scores# We have 5 scores, calculate the mean, and interpret it.# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────# 1. Create the datasetscores <-…

In this article, I’ll show you step by step how to perform a t-test with just one sample in R – a so-called one-sample t-test. It is useful whenever you want to compare the mean of a single group with a specific reference value.

You have two groups — for example, men and women — and want to know whether they differ in a particular characteristic such as perceived stress, learning outcomes, or reaction time. For this, you need the t-test for independent samples. In this article, I will show you how to conduct and interpret it in R.

Imagine you want to know whether students from two fields of study experience different levels of exam stress. Or whether men and women differ in their average self-esteem. If you want to compare two independent groups, you need the independent-samples t-test in SPSS.

Sometimes you collect data before and after an intervention – for example, stress levels before and after mindfulness training. Or you work with pairs, twins, or repeated measurements. In such cases, you use the paired-samples t-test, also called the paired t-test.

Scenario:You are investigating whether a motivation workshop significantly increases employees’ motivation. To do this, motivation is measured before and after the workshop. Dataset: Mittel_Motivationsvergleich.csv Download data Variables: Solution in R 1. Import the data daten <- read.csv("Mittel_Motivationsvergleich.csv") 2. Check the…

If you have data from the same people at two points in time – e.g., before and after training – you need the paired-samples t-test in SPSS. This test examines whether the two measurements differ significantly. It is typically used for pre-post measurements, but also for measurements involving pairs or twin studies.

Scenario:You collect data from people in three groups (e.g., professional fields) on their interest in technology using three items. Examine whether Group 1 and Group 2 differ significantly in their scale mean. Group 3 should not be taken into account.…