Category Thesis

Imagine that you have collected a large amount of survey data with 30 questions on various psychological attitudes. You suspect that only a few underlying constructs, such as "achievement motivation" or "social desirability," lie behind them. This is where exploratory factor analysis (EFA) comes in: It helps you identify a smaller number of latent dimensions from a large set of observed variables. Here, we will look at how to implement it in SPSS.

You conducted a survey with 10 items on job satisfaction. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was then conducted in R. First (just to be on the safe side), a few definitions: The following R output shows the most important results:…

Inhalt Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Task 5 Task 6 Task 7 Task 1 3 + 5 * 2 What is the result? Task 2 x <- c(4, 7, 2, 9)x What is the result? Task 3…

Inhalt Aim of the exercise The data: ALLBUS 2021 The variables Your task Step by step through the task Solution video for R Step 1: Calculate measures of central tendency Step 2: Calculate measures of dispersion Step 3: Grouped analysis…

Inhalt Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Task 5 Task 6 Task 7 Task 1 x <- c(10, 20, 30, 40)x[x > 25] What is the result? Task 2 df <- data.frame(a = 1:3, b = c("a", "b",…

Inhalt Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Task 5 Task 1 # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────# Task 1: Arithmetic Mean of a Small Group of Scores# We have 5 scores, calculate the mean, and interpret it.# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────# 1. Create the datasetscores <-…

In this article, I’ll show you step by step how to perform a t-test with just one sample in R – a so-called one-sample t-test. It is useful whenever you want to compare the mean of a single group with a specific reference value.

You have two groups — for example, men and women — and want to know whether they differ in a particular characteristic such as perceived stress, learning outcomes, or reaction time. For this, you need the t-test for independent samples. In this article, I will show you how to conduct and interpret it in R.

Imagine you want to know whether students from two fields of study experience different levels of exam stress. Or whether men and women differ in their average self-esteem. If you want to compare two independent groups, you need the independent-samples t-test in SPSS.

Sometimes you collect data before and after an intervention – for example, stress levels before and after mindfulness training. Or you work with pairs, twins, or repeated measurements. In such cases, you use the paired-samples t-test, also called the paired t-test.